APA (American Psychological Association) style uses an author-date format for in-text citations: (Author, date). Page numbers are included when using an exact quote and placed after the date. If the author’s name is included within the text of your paper, then the publication year alone is included in the parentheses. If the author’s name is not mentioned in the text, then both the author’s last name and the publication year is included in the parentheses. Every source that you cited in-text within your document should be included in the alphabetical reference list.
One author
Umoja Noble (2018) describes how algorithms in search engines can be used to reinforce oppressive societal structures.
Algorithms used in search engines can be used to reinforce oppressive social structures (Umoja Noble, 2018).
Multiple authors
If a work has two authors, then include both names every time the reference occurs in the text.
Anzaldúa and Keating (2002) propose that ...
For a work with three or more authors, include the name of only the first author plus "et al." in every citation. If the in-text citations of multiple works with three or more authors shorten to the same form, write out as many names as needed to distinguish the references.
Watanabe, Gonzalez, Patel, et al. (2017)
Watanabe, Gonzalez, Zucker, et al. (2017)
The References List is your bibliography or works cited page. Citations in your references should be in alphabetical order by author last name. For more than one work by the same author, list the earliest publication first.
Authored book with a DOI
Brown, L.S. (2018). Feminist therapy (2nd ed.). American Psychological Association. https://doi.org/10.1037/0000092-000
Authored book, without a DOI
Hooks, B. (2000). Where we stand: Class matters. Routledge.
Book chapter
For a chapter in an authored book, include the editor name and title of the book the chapter is found within.
Wilkerson, I. (2021). 1914-1919 The great migration. In I.X. Kendi & K.N. Blain (Eds.), Four hundred souls: A community history of African America, 1619-2019 (pp. 303-308). One World.
Reference book
Zalta, E.N. (Ed.). (2019). The Stanford encyclopedia of philosophy (Summer 2019 ed.). Stanford University. https://plato.stanford.edu/archives/sum2019/
Entry in an online reference work
Graham, G. (2019). Behaviorism. In E. N. Zalta (Ed.), The Stanford encyclopedia of philosophy (Summer 2019 ed.). htttp://plato.stanford.edu/entries/behaviorism/
Entry in an online reference work, no individual author or editor
Merriman-Webster (2023). Peer review. In Merriam-Webster.com dictionary. Retrieved September 27, 2023, from https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/peer%20review
Government report
National Center for Environmental Health. (2020). Ask a scientist: How loud is too loud? Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. https://www.cdc.gov/nceh/hearing_loss/toolkit/comic.html
Journals and other periodicals
The general format for periodicals (items published on a regular basis, like newspapers, magazines,and journals):
Author, A.A., Author, B.B., & Author, C.C. (year). Title of article. Title of Periodical, xx, pp-pp. doi:xx.xxxxxxxxx
When there are up to twenty authors, spell out all authors’ names. After the nineteenth author, use ellipses before the last author’s name.
Journal article with a DOI
Cotera, M. (2018). Nuestra autohistoria: Toward a Chicana digital praxis. American Quarterly, 70(3), 483–504. https://doi.org/10.1353/aq.2018.0032
Journal article without a DOI, from a print journal or database
Littletree, S. & Metoyer, C. A. (2015). Knowledge organization from an Indigenous perspective: The Mashantucket Pequot thesaurus of American Indian terminology project. Cataloging & Classification Quarterly, 53(5-6), 640-657.
Newspaper article
Zafar, N. (2020, October 3). Wendy Osefo is a professor, political commentator and philanthropist. She's also the newest 'Real Housewife.' The Washington Post. https://www.washingtonpost.com/arts-entertainment/2020/08/03/real-housewives-potomac-wendy-osefo/
Web page with author listed
Bleacher, L. & Jones, S. (2023, September 15). NASA astronaut, crewmates reach space station for science expedition. NASA. https://www.nasa.gov/press-release/nasa-astronaut-crewmates-reach-space-station-for-science-expedition
Web page with a group author
Asian Americans Advancing Justice. (n.d.). Equitable Educational Opportunities. https://www.advancingjustice-aajc.org/equitable-educational-opportunities
Web message/post/comment with author listed
Andrea A. (2023, September 26). Interesting concept! Reminds me a bit of negative visualization - in that you think of the worst case scenario and contemplate [Comment on the article "Finding optimism when life’s problems feel impossible: What I’ve learned from Japanese values of responsibility"]. Medium. https://kokumura.medium.com/finding-optimism-when-lifes-problems-feel-impossible-4f07bfa6e938
Provide the comment title or up to the first 20 words of the comment, then write "Comment on the article" and the title of the article on which the comment appeared.
Blog posts
Use the author’s name if known, otherwise use a screen name.
Alese, W. (2023, September 15). In Renaissance, Beyoncé makes culture reckon with Blue Ivy. Medium. https://thereclaimed.medium.com/in-renaissance-beyonc%C3%A9-makes-culture-reckon-with-blue-ivy-2e336ff9dcca
Podcasts
Iyer, D. (Host). (2017-present). Solidarity is this [Audio podcast]. Building Movement Project. https://solidarityis.org/our-work/solidarity-is-this-podcast/
YouTube or other streaming video
Rethinking Iran. (2023, February 28). From Tahrir to Tehran - The Arab spring and Iran uprisings. [Video]. Youtube. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qzxqJ0ePCSs
Wikipedia or other wiki entry
Hanfu movement. (2021, October 14). In Wikipedia. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hanfu_Movement
Test, scale, or inventory
Project Implicit. (n.d.) Gender-Science IAT. https://implicit.harvard.edu/implicit/takeatest.html
Films
Haj, M. (Director). (2017). Personal affairs [Film]. Dulac Distribution.
TV series episode (single episode)
Barris, K. (Writer & Director). (2017, January 11). Lemons (Season 3, Episode 12) [TV series episode]. In K. Barris, J. Groff, A. Anders, E.B. Dobbins, L. Fishburne, & H. Sugland (Executive Producers), Black-ish. Wilmore Films; Artists First; Cinema Gypsy Productions; ABC Studios.
Indigenous oral knowledge (https://kula.uvic.ca/index.php/kula/article/view/135/258)
Cardinal, D. Goodfish Lake Cree Nation. Treaty 6. Lives in Edmonton. Oral teaching. personal communication. April 4, 2004.
For more in-depth assistance regarding citations and citing sources, the resources linked below provide information on formatting a paper, integrating citations, and how to cite less commonly cited sources of information
**Please check with your instructor to ensure that they will accept the use of AI generated content as a source of information.
AI generated content is continually evolving and citation styles for this type of information may also change over time. As of September 2023, below are the guidelines provided by the American Psychological Association.
For AI generated content such as ChatGPT, credit the author of the algorithm with a reference list entry and the corresponding in-text citation.
In-Text
When prompted with “Is the left brain right brain divide real or a metaphor?” the ChatGPT-generated text indicated that although the two brain hemispheres are somewhat specialized, “the notation that people can be characterized as ‘left-brained’ or ‘right-brained’ is considered to be an oversimplification and a popular myth” (OpenAI, 2023).
Reference
OpenAI. (2023). ChatGPT (Mar 14 version) [Large language model]. https://chat.openai.com/chat
The land on which we gather is the unceded territory of the Awaswas-speaking Uypi Tribe. The Amah Mutsun Tribal Band, comprised of the descendants of indigenous people taken to missions Santa Cruz and San Juan Bautista during Spanish colonization of the Central Coast, is today working hard to restore traditional stewardship practices on these lands and heal from historical trauma.
The land acknowledgement used at UC Santa Cruz was developed in partnership with the Amah Mutsun Tribal Band Chairman and the Amah Mutsun Relearning Program at the UCSC Arboretum.
Santa Cruz, CA